OptiOx Optical Oxygen Sensor Measurement

Two portable devices and one Optical Oxygen sensor have been launched by METTLER TOLEDO as part of their range of dissolved oxygen measurement devices.
The new InLab^® OptiOx sensor can be used to measure dissolved oxygen, and can be provided with three cable lengths: 5 m/16.40 ft, 1.8 m/5.91 ft, and 10 m/32.81 ft. Sensor measurements and maintenance are made much easier, because the sturdy design is integrated with the optical measuring principle, which is based on RDO^® (Rugged Dissolved Oxygen) technology.
All of the OptiOx modules feature chips have factory calibration. Measurements can be performed immediately when the module is plugged in. The measuring system is also very stable, so regular calibration is not needed. The optical measuring standard used in the InLab^® OptiOx ensures that oxygen in the sample is not chemically consumed during the measurement. This offers highly reproducible results, and ensures that the sample does not need to be stirred.
The optical measuring standard causes electrolyte solutions to be superfluous. A used module can be substituted with a new one by merely removing the former one and fitting a new one in its place, saving time in handling and maintenance. The robust design and matching accessories of the InLab^® OptiOx make it suitable for several types of applications. It is configured for use in the lab as well as in harsh environments. The special OptiOx BOD adapter makes the sensor well suited for measurements in all universal BOD canisters. The steel OptiOx protective add-on provides the sensor with protection in harsh environments. It is lightweight, so it can be dropped to lower measuring points.
The SevenExcellence S900 benchtop instrument is a first-class benchtop solution designed to measure dissolved oxygen (DO) in aqueous media. The S900 meter, with the latest digital optical dissolved oxygen technology (OptiOx^®), ensures accurate and highly reproducible results.
The two latest SevenGo (Duo) pro™ measuring devices are watertight to offer IP67 protection, therefore the user does not need to be concerned about dirt, dust, or moisture entering the devices.
The S9 is a sturdy single-channel device meant for measuring dissolved oxygen. The device provides remarkable reliability by combining simple user prompts based on well established and tested ISM^® and text menus.
The professional SG98 multiparameter device can take care of the ion, main pH value, and dissolved oxygen parameters. Practical operations, such as automatic compressed air compensation and the wireless IR communication interface, minimize time and guarantee accurate results.

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Apple Researching Temperature, Pressure, and Humidity Sensors for Mobile Devices

A pair of patent applications published today by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and spotted by AppleInsider describes how an electronic device such as an iPhone, iPad or even a wristwatch could be used to detect ambient conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity and sound. The applications appear just as Apple has been rumored to be incorporating such functionality into the iPhone 6, and the company's rumored iWatch has also been said to include an array of sensors.

The first patent, titled "Electronic Devices With Environmental Sensors," describes a device equipped with a speaker, microphone and a suite of sensors to monitor environmental conditions in the immediate surroundings. Sensor components may include a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a humidity sensor and other sensor combinations. 

An electronic device may be provided with environmental sensors. Environmental sensors may include one or more environmental sensor components and one or more acoustic components. Acoustic components may include a speaker or a microphone. Environmental sensor components may include a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, or other sensors or combinations of sensors for sensing attributes of the environment surrounding the device.

The second patent, "Electronic Devices With Temperature Sensors," is more specific, covering electronic devices that can monitor ambient temperature. In this scenario, a thermal sensor could be embedded into a button, switch or slider component. A piece of thermally conductive metal could be used to transfer temperature data from the air or from an item such as a finger placed on the material to a sensor embedded within the device.

Though these are inventions and not a specific feature roadmap for future devices, they do suggest Apple is considering the ways in which sensors could be incorporated into a device to improve the overall user experience. For example, Apple could use the temperature sensor technology to build an iWatch that could warn you when you are starting to overheat while mowing the lawn in the high summer heat.

Looking beyond the patent applications, Apple has been hiring experts from the health and medical sensor field in recent years. The long list of new hires include former Philips sleep researcher Roy J.E.M Raymann, biosensor hardware engineer Nancy Dougherty, pulse oximetry expert Michael O'Reilly and others. These engineers allegedly are joining Apple to work on its iWatch team, which may also include exercise physiologists and other non-hardware experts.

Apple's iWatch is rumored to include biometric functions such as pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation, glucose levels and more. Apple is said to be making the health-tracking experience more accessible to the general public and may use the iOS 8 Healthbook app to compile this health and fitness data and present it in a user-friendly way.

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Mini Gas Sensor Developed for Mobile Devices

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has developed a miniature gas sensor that can be connected to mobile devices.
Gas measurements made with smartphones will make activities such as the detection of internal air problems easier. In addition, sleep quality will be measurable with greater precision, using mobile healthcare applications which gauge carbon dioxide quantities.
Many sensor developers are interested in using smartphones to measure gas concentrations.
"This is probably due to the spread of the Internet of Things (IoT), which enables indirect observations of a range of environmental factors based on data gathered from single sensors or sensor networks. Many day-to-day issues, such as precision and efficiency in the workplace, can depend on carbon dioxide levels and internal air quality," says Anna Rissanen, leader of the VTT research team.
Using a mobile device to measure carbon dioxide will also enable new applications for smartphones: for example, sleep quality can be monitored by measuring the sleeper's exhalations.
The miniaturized gas sensor is based on Fabry-Pérot interferometers (FPI) - adjustable optical filters. Over the years, VTT has developed these for various spectroscopy-based applications, such as hyperspectral cameras for nanosatellite- and drone-based environmental monitoring, the early detection of skin cancer and fuel analysis for emission minimization.
The tiny gas sensor developed by team's senior scientist Rami Mannila is based on channeling light through the sample being analysed. Penetrability at various light wavelengths can be used to determine the composition of the compound. Carbon dioxide is identified based on its strong absorption of light at a wavelength of 4.2 µm.
In addition, a corresponding sensor technology can be used to simultaneously differentiate and detect other gases or substances based on the spectrum of their absorption peaks at various infra-red wavelengths.
MEMS sensor technology can be mass produced, enabling the manufacture of new types of large-volume products based on the spectral analysis of substances. Thanks to microspectrometers and other optical devices, VTT is creating new kinds of business and expertise for Finland: the start-up, Spectral Engines, which provides spectral sensors based on FPI technology, has already been established on the basis of microspectrometer technology. VTT Memsfab, on the other hand, offers manufacturing services of MEMS chips.

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Gas Sensors Penetrate Smartphones

The world's first gas sensor small enough for any smartphone was shown at the MEMS Executive Congress 2015 (held here, Nov. 4-6). Manufactured by Cambridge CMOS Sensors Ltd. (U.K.), the tiny 1 millimeter square MEMS-CMOS die are small and cheap enough to become ubiquitous—for the first time beating Apple in new types of MEMS sensors in smartphones.

Cambridge also announced its first design-win in K-Free Wireless Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). Carriers apply their own name to K-Free's white-box smartphones.

Cambridge CMOS Sensors' design win at K-Free one-ups Apple with its new all-digital construction of a MEMS-CMOS CCS811 sensor. The sensor can be configured to sense volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as carbon monoxide from cheap heaters, 

formaldehyde in cheap furniture, or even used as a breathalyzer since driving-drunk is a jail-sentence offense in China, according to Brown.

In the U.K., a relatively new type of sealed house construction practice—putting plastic under the entire house, including the actual foundation—has opened a market for sensing noxious gas build-ups inside houses where there is no ongoing ventilation.

For other worldwide markets, the all-digital CCS811 sensor can be configured with different top-metal oxides or filters to detect only CO2, only ethanol, or nearly any other noxious gas. It can also be configured to measure the outside air quality, including nitrogen dioxide [NO2], in cities from Beijing to Los Angeles.

"It can tell you when to open window for ventilation while inside where very low levels of VOCs have been found to make people's minds 61 percent less efficient in decision making," claimed Brown.

But the biggest benefit of the MEMS-CMOS gas sensor, according to Brown, is that it can be scaled continually as the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) scaled silicon chips to smaller and smaller sizes.

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Realization of Interlinked ZnO Tetrapod Networks for UV Sensor and Room-Temperature Gas Sensor

Here, interlinked ZnO tetrapod networks (ITN-ZnO) have been realized by using microwave-assisted thermal oxidation. With this simple and fast process, a nanostructured ZnO morphology having tetrapodlike features with leg-to-leg linking is obtained.

The electrical and ethanol-sensing properties related to the morphology of ITN-ZnO compared with those of other ZnO morphologies have also been investigated. It has been found that ITN-ZnO unexpectedly exhibits superior electrical and gas-sensing properties in terms of providing pathways for electron transport to the electrode.

A UV sensor and a room-temperature gas sensor with improved performance are achieved. Therefore, ITN-ZnO is an attractive morphology of ZnO that is applicable for many new applications because of its novel properties. The novel properties of ITN-ZnO are beneficial for electronic, photonic, optoelectronic, and sensing applications. ITN-ZnO may provide a means to improve the devices based on ITN-ZnO.

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Force Sensors used in Robotics

Robot senses are created using sensors with different properties. Force sensors are used also to sense, sense the pressure or force applied. Humans uses such type of sensors to feel what they touch. Use in robotics force sensors can be used to sense a cup, sense a piece, sense the maximum force applied to an egg, or sense when a robot is touched. A large number of such sensors over a unit of measurement results in increased accuracy when a robot touches an object or is achieved.

Reducing the size of the force sensor led to the creation of artificial skin which can be used in robotics to create intelligent robots that mimic humans as well.

A sensor that changes electrical resistance during the action of forces – is called force sensor. Used especially for robots to feel objects, force sensors can also be used for any robot which is part of industrial or service robots according to the specifications and the type of robot.

The size of force measured by the sensor depends from sensor to sensor. From measurement of a force appeared after applying a weight of few grams and up to sensors that can measure the force exerted to a mass of several hundred kilograms.

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New Technology and Applications on Microwave Sensors

Presently, various microwave sensors have emerged. They have powerful performance and quite wide application domain. New technology and applications on microwave sensors are presented.

A novel microwave sensor for measuring the properties of a liquid drop has been invented. A microwave based in-line sensor for steam quality is described, and test result is reported.

Development a new tunable multiband UWB radar sensor and its applications to subsurface sensing is presented. Finally the technical challenges and developing prospect of microwave sensors are discussed.

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Mini NASA Methane Sensor Makes Successful Flight Test

As part of a project to improve safety in the energy pipeline industry, researchers have successfully flight-tested a miniature methane gas sensor developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, on a Vertical Take-off and Landing small unmanned aerial system (sUAS). The sensor, similar to one developed by JPL for use on Mars, enables detection of methane sensor with much higher sensitivity than previously available for the industry in hand-carried or sUAS-deployable instruments.

The tests were conducted in central California at the Merced Vernal Pools and Grassland Reserve, and were funded by Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI). The jointly conducted test of NASA's Open Path Laser Spectrometer (OPLS) sensor is the latest effort in a methane testing and demonstration program conducted on various platforms since 2014. The ability of the OPLS sensor to detect methane in parts per billion by volume could help the pipeline industry more accurately pinpoint small methane leaks.

Researchers from JPL and the Mechatronics, Embedded Systems and Automation (MESA) Lab at the University of California, Merced, conducted the flight tests in late February. They flew a small unmanned aerial system equipped with the OPLS sensor at various distances from methane-emitting gas sources. Tests were done in a controlled setting to test the accuracy and robustness of the system.

The advanced capabilities provided by sUASs, particularly enhanced vertical access, could extend the use of methane-inspection systems for detecting and locating methane gas sources.

Additional flight testing this year will feature a fixed-wing UAS, which can fly longer and farther. Those capabilities are necessary for monitoring natural-gas transmission pipeline systems, which are often hundreds of miles long and can be located in rural or remote areas.
This latest round of tests furthers the team's goal to develop sUASs to improve traditional inspection methods for natural-gas pipeline networks, which may enhance safety and improve location accuracy.

"These tests mark the latest chapter in the development of what we believe will eventually be a universal methane monitoring system for detecting fugitive natural-gas emissions and contributing to studies of climate change," said Lance Christensen, OPLS principal investigator at JPL.

NASA uses the vantage point of space to increase our understanding of our home planet, improve lives, and safeguard our future. NASA develops new ways to observe and study Earth's interconnected natural systems with long-term data records. The agency freely shares this unique knowledge and works with institutions around the world to gain new insights into how our planet is changing.

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Custom OEM Mass Flow Sensors

TSI's Flowmeter Design Team can develop the precise mechanical configuration, performance characteristics, and electronic interface you need to optimize your design. The exceptional performance of these embedded mass flow sensors can enhance your product's performance and improve the time to market on new product development.

Note: These sensors are best suited for products that, once in production, require at least several hundred sensors a year. For lower quantities please consider the 4000 series OEM sensors or the 4200 OEM sensors.

Features and Benefits 

• Very low pressure drop
• 100% pre-calibrated and ready to install
• Fast response
• High accuracy as percent of reading (not full scale)
• Mass flow measurements independent of temperature or pressure

Applications

• Patient ventilators
• Oxygen concentrators
• Medical OEM

For 50 years, TSI has set the standard with the performance measurement tools and precision instruments that we manufacture and distribute to a worldwide customer base. Contact TSI for more information about our Custom OEM mass flow sensor for embedded applications. 

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iPhone 6 likely to sport barometer sensors and air pressure sensors to measure altitude, weather

Besides a larger display and redesigned metal body, details regarding which features the next-generation iPhone models will pack have been light. However, it appears that the new models could include a new sensor: a barometer sensor.

A barometer is a sensor commonly used for measuring altitude and the sensor is already commonly found in Android devices such as the Galaxy Nexus. A barometer sensor could be used by hikers, mountain climbers, bike riders, and enthusiasts who want accurate knowledge into their current altitude. Barometers, via air pressure data, also measure temperature and weather information.

The information regarding the next-generation iPhone likely including this sensor comes via Xcode 6 and iOS 8, the latest iPhone software development kit and operating system. The software includes updated CoreMotion APIs that clearly reference the new altitude measuring capabilities:

There are several applications on the App Store, even highlighted for the iPad by Apple on its own website, that can track altitude. However, this reference in Xcode 6 and iOS 8 is a new framework that is dedicated to altitude tracking and requires new Apple hardware, according to developers.

Current altitude tracking applications use the iOS Device’s existing GPS and Motion chips to track altitude, but a barometer is more accurate and quicker to load data as it is a dedicated chip for tracking. As can be seen in a secondary reference, the framework first checks if the iOS device supports altitude tracking:

Developer Ortwin Gentz from FutureTap pointed us to these references, and he tested the framework on an iPhone 5s, the latest-generation of the iPhone. According to Gentz, the framework returned a “No” to indicate that the iPhone 5s does not not support the reporting of altitude changes based on this new framework. With the help of a noted developer, we wrote our own code to test the framework and we received the same not-supported-by-the-iPhone-5s result. This likely indicates that this new altitude tracking functionality is reserved for unreleased Apple devices. Since the feature is packed into iOS 8, it is likely that the feature will be integrated to new products launching in the fall such as the iPhone 6, new iPads, and even the iWatch.

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CO₂ Sensors

The Carbon Dioxide CO2 sensor connects to a Tracer building management system and the appropriate ventilation equipment. The Trane CO₂ sensor measures and records carbon dioxide in parts per million (ppm) in occupied building spaces.

These carbon dioxide measurements are typically used to identify under-ventilated building zones and override outdoor air flow beyond design ventilation rates if the CO₂ exceeds acceptable levels.

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Smart sensor board for electrochemical gas sensors

In my first Research Note I introduced a new smart gas sensor module for detecting toxic gases and explained some background of the project. Now I'll start to get into the details of the design, and introduce the bigger picture of how these might be used effectively in the real world.

I've dubbed this new board the echem328. It is an iteration of previous prototype designs as I discussed in the intro, but it is also inspired by other modular smart sensor designs, for example this MIT “Stack” project for wireless sensing applications. I've also directly borrowed the concept of the Smart Transducer Interface Module (STIM) from IEEE Standard 1451 which describes "a set of open, common, network-independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/field networks" and uses Transducer Electronic Data Sheet" (TEDS) format to store sensor calibration data.

Design Philosophy

The echem328 is based on Arduino open-source hardware and software environments, but takes on a new more integrated physical form factor that is also stackable and easily included in all sorts of embedded systems using a variety of standard interface protocols. Beyond it's fundamental echem sensor interface, the echem328 is also designed to perform a range of remote sensing and data logging functions and is highly modifiable and programmable. The circuit board has many options selectable by jumper installation or software modification.

Reducing component and board cost per se was not a primary consideration during circuit design. Rather, I focused on overall value, reliability, and flexibility. For example, the circuit board is a four-layer high-density affair (expensive!) but the internal power and ground planes allow a smaller overall system footprint while ensuring lower noise and EMI.

On the other hand, it is anticipated that after some field experience with these circuits, a “devolved” or “evolved” or perhaps even “minimum viable” version of this circuitry will find definition, targeted towards a specific application that will make another iteration worthwhile. In the mean time, this platform should serve as a solid development platform for evaluating these various options, and for gaining valuable experience in a variety of field trials so that future circuit refinements are based on convincing, real-world performance data.

Calibration

The general idea is that the module not only is smart (has a local microcontroller) it also knows intimate detail about the particular sensor on the board as well as error sources and temperature offsets in the module's own circuitry, which is "metadata" stored in local non-volatile memory. More than that, it has the remaining pieces of the software puzzle (error correction algorithms, previous calibration history, other system and sensor diagnostics, command parser and scheduler) to receive commands, decode sensor signals, and transmit accurate sensor readings over a serial communications interface in predefined scientific units (typically parts per million or billion concentration).

Alternately, in a format closer to the traditional IEEE1451 style, this all of this calibration metadata would be transmitted along with the raw data so that final computations can be performed on the system's host processor. This can be a "chatty" way of doing things, but I think there is potential to effectively store this metadata in the "cloud" and do the data processing there as well (IEEE 1451 calls this a "virtual TEDS").

Another part of my exercise has been building up various DIY calibration rigs using pre-mixed cal gases and valves and flow sensors and mass flow controllers and so on. The general idea is to have the calibration rig talk to the sensor board to perform various auto-calibration routines. Yes, the Alphasense sensors are calibrated to within 1% at the factory, but as I mentioned it's never that simple. For example the AFE chip's TIA feedback resistors have a tolerance of 5%. Ooops! So that's another thing to do, figure out how to precisely characterize the board itself and collect metadata that can (mostly) subtract these errors back out of the signal. This and many other calibration topics deserve a whole other discussion which I'll save for future Research Notes.

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New report available: United States Air Flow Sensors Industry

The United States Air Flow Sensors Industry 2016 Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Air Flow Sensors industry.

The report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Air Flow Sensors market analysis is provided for the United States markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development status.

Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and Bill of Materials cost structures are also analyzed. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand Figures, cost, price, revenue and gross margins.

The report focuses on United States major leading industry players providing information such as company profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information. Upstream raw materials and equipment and downstream demand analysis is also carried out. The Air Flow Sensors industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. Finally the feasibility of new investment projects are assessed and overall research conclusions offered.

With 149 tables and figures the report provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.

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Brief Introduction of Microwave Sensors

The Microwave Solutions range of microwave Doppler Motion Detector Units, operating at X-Band (10GHz) and K-Band (24GHz), can be incorporated into a wide range of Microwave sensors and are suitable for applications including - Lighting and Energy Management - Home Automation - Intrusion Alarms (Room, Vehicle)  - Collision Avoidance - Automatic Door Openers - Traffic Control - Speed Measurement - Presence Sensing

The Motion Detector Unit (MDU) is a miniature microwave Doppler radar sensor optimised for low power consumption and low cost, with variants for short range <30m, long range >30m and very long range 50m+ detection requirements. MDUs utilise the Doppler shift phenomenon to "sense" motion and are available in a variety of different formats.

How does it work?   
The MDU emits a low level microwave signal which is reflected from all objects within its coverage area. The MDU compares the transmitted and received frequencies and produces an output signal, the frequency of which is proportional to the velocity of any object moving towards or away from the sensor. Signal processing circuitry (not provided with the unit) amplifies this signal and analyses its frequency spectrum. If the signal strength is above a threshold level, and has the required frequency spectrum an output signal can be generated. In order to conserve power it is usual for the MDU to be pulsed on and off rapidly so that it is only transmitting for approximately 5% of the time. The circuit features a dielectric resonator stabilised FET oscillator, which provides stable operation over a broad temperature range in either CW or low duty cycle pulse mode and a balanced mixer for enhanced sensitivity and reliability.

If you don't want to develop your own electronics, then we also offer a range of complete detectors that provide digital outputs suitable for interfacing to your own system. These are indicated by Complete Detector product type in the table below. See the Application tab for guidelines and application notes.

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What is an Oxygen Sensor and How Can It Go Bad?

As if you didn’t have enough car problems! Now the check engine light comes on again and this time your Maryland mechanic tells you it’s a bad oxygen sensor. The truth is, an oxygen sensor is a fairly common trigger of check engine lights. The O2 sensor is a wear part in your vehicle subject to extreme heat. There are numerous reasons why it may go bad, but there is usually only one solution—replacing it. If you are interested in learning more about oxygen sensors or simply want to educate yourself on the subject before calling an auto repair shop for a quote, this article is for you.

The Role of the Oxygen Sensor

An oxygen sensor is a small device located in your vehicle’s exhaust system. Its shape and size resemble that of a spark plug. Depending on its placement in regard to the catalytic converter, it can be located upstream (before the converter) or downstream (after the converter). Most vehicles manufactured after 1990 have both upstream and downstream oxygen sensors. And dual-exhaust vehicles have a total of 4 O2 sensors.

The role of the oxygen sensor is to monitor the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. This is unburnt oxygen that was initially injected into the fuel for proper combustion. Through a voltage signal, the O2 sensor communicates to the car’s computer how much oxygen is in the exhaust, so that the computer can adjust the fuel/oxygen mixture delivered to the engine. The sensor placement before and after the catalytic converter allows it to keep track of the cleanliness of the exhaust, as well as monitor the efficiency of the converter.

Why an Oxygen Sensor May Go Bad

The oxygen sensor in modern cars can last up to 100K miles, but typically you would experience problems sooner than that. Over time, an oxygen sensor may become caked with byproducts of combustion, such as sulfur, lead, fuel additives, oil ash, etc. This contamination causes the sensor to lose its ability to produce voltage and send the right signal.

Using fuel that is not recommended for your vehicle or using low-quality gasoline may also speed up the oxygen sensor failure. And if you are skipping maintenance, especially things like timely spark plug and air filter replacement, you are increasing the likelihood of incomplete fuel combustion, which in turn leads to more dirt and grime in your emissions system.

Signs of a Bad Oxygen Sensor

In most cases, a bad oxygen sensor will trigger a check engine light. P0138 and P0135 are some of the codes you may expect to see on the OBD II reader if you have one. Other than that, it’s difficult to spot a failing oxygen sensor. It will inevitably lead to decreased gas mileage, but it’s usually not drastic enough for an average driver to notice. The decrease is gradual and happens over time, so unless you are keeping tabs on your MPGs, you will likely miss these signs. A bad or failing O2 sensor can also cause you to fail your emissions test.

Is it Expensive to Replace an Oxygen Sensor?

It will typically cost you between $200 and $400 dollars to replace a single oxygen sensor. Most of it is the cost of the sensor itself, which can run anywhere from $30 to $200 depending on the year, make and model of your car. The cost of labor will depend on how accessible the sensor is in your specific vehicle. In some cases, a bad oxygen sensor may indicate other problems, such as a failing catalytic converter, in which case the repair can get expensive.

Replacing a Bad Oxygen Sensor

Replacing an oxygen sensor is a relatively simple process, but it’s not a DIY job unless you have a lift and have done auto maintenance before. The sensor is located on the underside of your vehicle and may be hard to reach depending on how your vehicle was built. Besides, you would need to have an OBD II reader to know exactly which sensor to replace. If this sounds like too much trouble, just bring your car to one of the four Hillmuth Certified Automotive locations in Clarksville, Columbia, Glenwood or Gaithersburg. Our expert technicians will be able to diagnose

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A Note on the Use of Passive Alcohol Sensors during Routine Traffic Stops

To determine whether the use of a passive alcohol sensor (PAS) in routine traffic enforcement increases the driving-under-the-influence (DUI) arrest rate of alcohol-impaired drivers.

Methods

Officers in a Maryland police department were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the first with PAS devices and the second without PAS devices (the control group). Then, the PAS units were switched from the first to the second group. Arrest, PAS, and preliminary breath-test data were collected on 714 nighttime traffic stops over two enforcement periods.

Results

The DUI arrest rate for the officers with and without the PAS was the same, 13%. Officers who made no arrests without the PAS benefited the most from using it. Drivers stopped for an unsafe lane change, driving over the center line, and negligent driving were arrested for DUI 35% of the time.

Conclusions

The PAS appears to increase the DUI arrest rate of officers who rarely make DUI arrests, but it does not increase the DUI arrest rate of officers who normally make DUI arrests without passive sensors. It appears that it could be successful in increasing the overall number of DUI arrests for a police department if issued to, and training is provided to, patrol officers who do not normally make DUI arrests.

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Fast Optical Oxygen Sensor

One of the latest developments of SST is the fast optical oxygen sensor. It is capable of measuring dissolved oxygen with highest precision. The measuring principle is based on red light excitation. 

Indicators showing luminescence in the near infrared (NIR), which decreases with increasing oxygen (quenching effect). The red light excitation significantly reduces interferences caused by autofluorescence and reduces stress in biological systems. 

The sensor is equipped with an own temperature sensor for internal calculation and linearization. Due to its analog output it can easily be connected to SST multiparameter probes as well as to third party equipment.

Technical Specifications:

• excitation wavelength: 620 nm

• detection wavelength: 760 nm

• max. sample rate: 2 samples / second

• internal resolution: 14 bit

• low power consumption

• analog Output: 0–2.5 VDC

• operational depths down to 6000 m

• titanium housing

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Global flow sensors market is expected to grow at the CAGR of 6% during 2015-2022 according to new research report

According to a recently published report, the Global Flow Sensors Market is expected to grow at the CAGR of 6% during 2015-2022 and it estimated to be $8.75 billion by 2022.

The global Flow Sensors market is segmented on the basis of industry applications technology and geography. The report on global Flow Sensors Market Forecast 2015-2022 provides detailed overview and predictive analysis of the market.

Flow sensors are used for measuring gas, liquid, solid materials, steams and viscous media. Flow sensors are used in various industries such as process industries, automotive industries, manufacturing industries, medical and construction sectors and aircraft industries.

In all these sectors process and automotive industries are the major market players of the flow sensor device market. Automotive flow sensors have high demand because of use in exhaust gas recirculation, engine control, and air injection control.

Introduction of smart technologies such as micro-controllers create high demand of flow sensor devices in the global market.

Innovation and R&D are the key winning strategy of the market.

Scope of the report

1. Global flow sensor market by application 2012-2022 ($ billion)
1.1. Automotive
1.2. Consumer Electronics
1.3. Environmental
1.4. Healthcare & Medical
1.5. Process Industries
1.6. Others

2. Global flow sensor market by technology 2012-2022 ($ billion)
2.1. Coriolis Flow Sensors
2.1.1. Custody Transfer of Natural Gas (CTNG)
2.1.2. Custody Transfer of Liquids
2.1.3. Process Measurement
2.1.4. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
2.1.5. Other
2.2. Magnetic Flow Sensors
2.2.1. Water Flow
2.2.2. Water-Based Chemicals
2.2.3. Slurries
2.2.4. Sanitary/Hygienic
2.2.5. Process Control
2.2.6. Custody Transfer
2.2.7. Filling Machines
2.2.8. Other
2.3. Mass Flow Sensors
2.3.1. Differential Pressure transmitters
2.3.2. Positive Displacement Flow Sensors
2.3.3. Turbine Flow Sensors
2.3.4. Open Channel Flow Sensors
2.4. Ultrasonic Flow Sensors
2.4.1. Petroleum Liquids
2.4.2. Non-Petroleum Liquids
2.4.3. Gas
2.4.4. Steam
2.5. Vortex Flow Sensors
2.5.1. Gas
2.5.2. Liquid
2.5.3. Steam
2.6. Thermal Flow Sensors
2.6.1. Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM
2.6.2. Flare Gas/Flue Gas
2.6.3. Landfill Gas Recovery
2.6.4. Biogas Recovery
2.6.5. Biomass Fermentation and Recovery
2.6.6. Coal Mine Methane Recovery
2.6.7. Boiler Inlet
2.6.8. Wastewater Treatment
2.6.9. Compressed Air
2.6.10. Natural Gas Sub metering
2.7. Other

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